Windows 10 launched in July 2015, and on April 11, 2017, Microsoft released the third major update to their latest operating system. First announced in October with the Surface Studio, Microsoft has dubbed the latest update the Creators Update. Officially it is Windows 10 version 1703, OS build 15063. Naming it the Creators Update seems to signal some future intentions, but the actual release is less creative than the hardware they announced with it, and feels a bit like the company really just didn’t want to call it Windows 10 SP1 R2. Compared to the last major update, named the Anniversary Update, this version has less big features, but does bring a few new things to the OS along with some more polish.

With the new “Windows as a Service” model that came with Windows 10 in July 2015, more small updates seem like the proper method for servicing Windows, but Microsoft is definitely pulled between the consumer and business groups that they serve.  Consumers want more features, and sooner, but business needs to test everything before rolling it out. They must walk this tightrope between the two groups, and it’s not clear that they have struck the right balance yet. With this update coming early in 2017, and an announcement of another event in New York City in early May, it does seem like there will be a second update later this year too.

Throughout it all, they have kept their successful Windows Insider program running, and they are now citing over 10 million people in the Insider Program. This feedback driven change has been very successful, even if certain features which have been highly requested still haven’t seen their introduction yet. The number of builds being released has ramped up significantly from when the program first started, and now it is not uncommon to see several builds released in a week. The overall quality of some of those builds has degraded though, so people running in the Fast Ring carry much more risk than before, but there are less risky rings to be in as well. Microsoft has also opened up the Insider Program to business as well, since they are going to need to stay on top of the changes.

Windows 10 is going to keep evolving for the foreseeable future, with regular updates being first tested with the Insider Preview program, and then rolled out to the general public. With almost two years of Windows 10 behind us, we can take a look at what’s improved, what needs work, and where Microsoft can go from here.

Universal Windows Platform, now down a leg

For years, Microsoft was very clear about it’s ambitions to bring its platforms together, to give one single userbase to developers, rather than have to make apps for desktop, mobile, Xbox, Surface Hub, and eventually augmented reality. The efforts got serious in the Windows Phone 8 days, but it would still take several years for “Metro” apps to be morphed into the Universal Windows Platform (UWP). Microsoft promised a single platform for all of their apps, and they delivered. But it’s impossible to ignore their mobile play, which was floundering by the time they released Windows 10 Mobile.

Microsoft has all but abandoned their mobile efforts, instead embracing the dominant mobile ecosystems in Android and iOS, by bringing their apps to those environments. Sure, they still update Windows 10 Mobile, but with the Creators Update, only a handful of Windows 10 Mobile devices will be offered the update. It’s not a surprise, since Microsoft never really got any meaningful penetration in phones, but it certainly leaves UWP in an odd place. For years, Microsoft has been pushing UWP as a method to broaden application availability over multiple devices, but by abandoning their mobile strategy, it leaves them in a tough spot. UWP has suffered, perhaps partly because of this, but it certainly hasn’t gained the traction that Microsoft had hoped for. If it had, perhaps Windows 10 Mobile would not have been dead on arrival.

Without phone, UWP is now a tool to deploy apps across desktop, Xbox, Surface Hub, and mixed reality devices. But without a phone platform, that means that it’s basically just desktop. Even at just 5% phone usage share, phone would have been somewhere around 75-100 million devices. Xbox may eventually get there, but it’s going to be years, if ever. Surface Hub is a device that’s going to sell in the thousands, and Hololens is currently a developer-only item right now. That leaves the desktop, which is going to be the majority of the last official Windows 10 install base, pegged at 400 million devices at the end of September 2016. Expect a new figure to come soon, but regardless, almost all Windows 10 installs are on the PC.

That’s not necessarily a bad thing, although there are questions of where computing will go in the future, but for now, the PC is still the go-to device for most people when they need to get something done. But if one of your key points to pushing a new developer platform is cross-platform capabilities, but you only really have one platform that matters, it’s not ideal. Microsoft generally discusses upcoming developer news at their Build conference, which will be happening in May this year, so perhaps we will see some news there on where UWP goes from here.

The odd part about UWP and the cross-platform push that Microsoft has been doing for years, is that UWP could have been focused more on the desktop years ago, and improved to the point where it makes sense to use it on the desktop over older frameworks. But that push has never happened, despite some improvements to UWP.

Desktop has been held back by old app frameworks for years. Devices continue to improve, and older applications struggle to take advantage of High DPI displays, wide color gamuts, and more. UWP could have been the solution to this, but it was never sold as the solution to anything on the desktop. In fact, its limitations on the desktop are clear. Windows 10 brought the ability to run UWPs in a window on the desktop, but UWP is still treated as a mobile-first app platform, with all of the restrictions of a mobile device which is hampered by performance and power.

Groove Music - a UWP Music app

Ideas that were spawned in the days of the push to mobile need to be abandoned, or at least add in options for developers to unlock more capabilities on the desktop. With 32 GB of memory in my desktop, I don’t really need apps frozen in the background when they aren’t the active window. With a desktop plugged into power, there is no reason a UWP can’t keep running all the time. Until desktop (and this includes laptops) becomes the focus of UWPs, the limited capabilities will restrict the apps that are brought to this framework, which means any benefits they would bring, such as touch support, share contract support, and high DPI capabilities, are going to be ignored for the more capable older frameworks.

Microsoft has done a lot of work to bring older applications to their store model, and that has been somewhat successful, especially with the Centennial bridge which allows Win32 apps to be converted to store packages, but at the end of the day, UWP needs to be a focus if they want it to succeed.

Edge Improvements

When Edge launched, Microsoft seemed to have a couple of goals. First, they would dramatically improve security over Internet Explorer, and second, they would drastically improve performance, and keep up the performance improvements over time.

Edge adoption has been very low though. When it first launched, it was lacking a lot of basic features, with important additions like extension support only coming with the Anniversary Update. Extensions was a arguably the biggest single feature missing, and it has been very nice to have a much more capable browser because of this addition, but with low usage share of Edge, coupled with extensions having to be added to the Windows store by the developer, has resulted in there still only being a handful of extensions in the store. At my count, there are 27 extensions, but that might vary based on region. It’s a step in the right direction, and this one change has made Edge much more useful than before.

Edge excels in some areas. Its support for high resolution displays, and its text rendering, continues to be one of its biggest strengths. Performance on scripting is generally quite solid, although it still struggles with pages like Twitter if they are left open for a long time. Microsoft has posted quite a few blog posts about how they have optimized things like scrolling performance with touch, mouse, or keyboards, as well as battery life improvements. Edge has come a long way, and they continue to improve it with every release.

Edge didn’t get anything as big as extensions with this update, but it still got quite a few improvements. The most noticeable is the ability to expand tabs to show the entire page in a mini-window at the top of the screen. This is very similar to how Internet Explorer worked in its touch mode in Windows 8, and can be a useful feature if you are one of those people who keep losing tabs. Also, you can “set tabs aside” which lets you collapse open tabs to the left, where there’s a box to let you open them again. It’s an interesting idea, but in practice it seems to need quite a bit of work. You can’t put individual tabs aside – it’s all or nothing – instantly making it less useful. Also, if you restore a tab from one you’ve put away, and then you close that tab, it’s gone. There’s no way to keep a set of tabs set aside permanently which would be a nice take on favorites. Once tabs are put aside, you can add them to favorites, or share them. The share idea is quite nice, and makes it very simple to share multiple sites with someone in one email. Still, it would be nice to see this fleshed out a bit more.

Microsoft has been touting Edge’s battery life performance for some time now, and they continue to improve Edge to make it more efficient. Their testing methodology is all open-source, which certainly helps with its credibility. According to Microsoft’s measurements, during their tests on identical Surface Book laptops, and averaged over sixteen iterations per browser, Edge used 31% less power than Chrome 57, and 44% less power than Firefox 52. These are significant amounts, and in a power basis, Edge is using under 2 Watts for the same activity that Chrome is using over 2.5 Watts, and Firefox is using around 3.25 Watts. Battery capacity is always going to a be a limit on notebooks, so any efficiency gains are important.

Edge has also gained support for ePub digital books, and WebRTC 1.0 is now on out of the box. There are other small changes like being able to run an .exe file directly rather than having to save it first, and there are some small improvements to PDFs in Edge, and Web Notes.

Also, in the never-ending struggle to remove Flash from the web, Microsoft has made the decision to make Flash click to run in Edge. That means that any page that wants to run Flash won’t be able to, but you can click an icon to enable it. It’s not very obvious, with the icon resembling a puzzle piece, but there is a graphic which shows you what to do the first time it pops up. The results of this change have been mixed, but with browsers moving to disable Flash by default, hopefully that will pressure sites away from using it.

This puzzle icon means Flash can be enabled for the page

Overall, Edge has made some improvements, but nothing huge like in the last update. It needs some more basic functionality added though, such as the ability to view a page source (the debugger tools are overly complex for simple tasks) and it is still far easier to do a lot of tasks in Chrome, which shouldn’t be the case this far into Edge’s existence.

Gaming

According to the Steam Hardware & Software Survey, Windows 10 is now on over 50% of computers running Steam, so it looks like gamers are making the switch. Features like DirectX 12 certainly help with the appeal, but Microsoft has been slowly adding more gaming features to Windows 10 over time.

Gaming settings now have their own home in the Settings panel. This is a nice bonus, since some of these settings were tucked away before and not as easy to get to. With the new Game settings panel, you can configure the Game Bar, Game DVR, Game Mode, and Broadcasting, all from one location. You can set shortcuts to tasks like taking an in-game screenshot, turning a microphone off and on, and starting a game clip recording. They all have their own default shortcuts, but maybe you want to set them to just a certain key while gaming.

There are two new features here though, in Game Mode and Broadcasting. Game Mode was first announced in January as an upcoming feature for the Creators Update, and it basically changes the CPU and GPU priorities when gaming to ensure that the game gets the maximum resources it can. This is enabled for all games by default, but can be turned off per-game if needed. Although it will be unlikely to impact maximum frame rates, it should help with minimum frame rates especially when the computer is busy doing other things. Hopefully we’ll have a chance to dig into this a bit more in the future.

The second big addition is broadcasting support. In August 2016, Microsoft acquired the game broadcasting company Beam. That purchase has quickly found its way into their core products, with Windows 10 and Xbox both adding support for Beam with the Creators Update. Rather than having to install software and configure an account, you can just broadcast right from the game bar, using your Xbox Live account information. Game broadcasting has become a huge industry, so it’s great to see a solution built-in to Windows that is so easy to use. And it is very simple to use. In a game, you just open the Game Bar (Default Windows + G) and click on the broadcast icon. In seconds, your broadcast will be set up. There is no doubt that there is stiff competition in this space, but Beam seems to be a solid offering, and having it included by default is a nice benefit.

Security Center

After working hard to move all of the settings into the settings pane in Windows 10, to the point where you rarely need to access the legacy control panel, it’s perhaps a bit odd that they broke some of them out of settings and put them in their own grouping, but it is nice to see a one-stop shop for Security.

The new Windows Defender Security Center app combines virus protection of Windows Defender, with firewall settings, device health information, app control, and family options. None of these features are new, but combining them into one app should make them a bit more accessible.

In fact, the one that seems to be missing is file backup, since that would fit into this theme of keeping your computer and data safe, and it would be nice to have File History added here, or perhaps a more comprehensive backup solution.

Privacy Changes

Windows 10 has been under scrutiny for privacy since before its debut, and while Microsoft has attempted to address some of this in the past, they are never going to appease everyone without a major shift in policy. With this update, they are making the effort to be a bit more up-front about the privacy settings, and what they do, and that’s a good change.

Prior to the Creators Update, the default during the out of box experience (OOBE) was to have an “Express Settings” where the various options were on by default, but could be changed if you specifically requested it. But, people being people, most would just click Express and go on to the next page. Now, during setup, some of the privacy settings are shown explicitly, with brief explanations of what they do. The person setting up the PC has the choice to change any of these without having to go through any extra screens. This is a very clear move towards being more transparent, even if some of the settings can’t be turned all the way off.

The one privacy setting that can’t be turned off completely is Diagnostics. As with previous versions of Windows 10, only the Enterprise version allows for this to be completely disabled, and as such it’s a point of contention for some people. Diagnostics allows Microsoft to collect data on app performance and crashes, and this data can be used to correct issues with Windows, apps, drivers, and more. There’s no doubt that this is very useful for Microsoft, and it’s something that is done in iOS and Android as well. Microsoft did remove one of the settings for diagnostics though, so now the choices are between basic and full.

The OOBE settings are a nice change, but they are only the tip of the iceberg. Under Privacy in Settings, there’s a much more comprehensive list.

Also, anyone getting the Creators Update will be prompted to choose their privacy settings after the upgrade as well, so this applies to everyone, and not just new installs.

Cortana comes to the Setup process

Speaking of the Out of Box Experience, Microsoft has added Cortana support to the OOBE, allowing this section to be completed with voice, and it includes subtitles as well if needed. Any steps towards accessibility are laudable goals.

App Installs

In an almost strange turn, Microsoft has brought back Windows RT with this version of Windows 10. You can now set Windows to only allow apps from the Store, or to warn if an app is from outside the store. This is pretty similar to how macOS works, but with the limited store offerings, it would be pretty painful to restrict Windows 10 to just store apps right now. Maybe some day in the future, but for now there are only a few Centennial apps available, and the state of UWP right now is not at the point where this would be an ideal setting.

High DPI Changes

Although the Mac had a fairly seamless transition to “Retina” displays, Microsoft hasn’t had the luxury of owning the end-to-end product, and as always with Windows, there is a huge backlog of older applications as well. To say the transition to high DPI has been a challenge would be an understatement. They have made some great progress here, but they still have a lot of work to do, and they don’t have the developer buy-in to just add ways for developers to fix their apps either. Any changes here need to benefit the myriad of applications that don’t, and likely never will, support high DPI APIs.

UWP apps are practically exempt from these issues, but the majority of Windows applications are not UWP, and even tools Microsoft has built to help developers bring their apps to the store, such as the Centennial bridge to convert Win32 apps to packaged apps for the store, can’t fix the underlying issues with supporting applications that were built for 96 DPI on displays with double, triple, or even more, DPI.

But that hasn’t stopped Microsoft from making progress. The Anniversary Update brought some nice changes and worked on per-monitor DPI awareness issues, and introduced mixed-mode DPI scaling, and DPI awareness at the process level instead of just the application level.

A graphic showing many of the common issues with High DPI, especially on mulitple different DPI displays

With the Creators Update, they are introducing a new way to handle per-monitor DPI issues, which they have dubbed Per-monitor DPI awareness V2. The new method adds support for child window DPI change notifications, automatically enabled non-client scaling, automatic DPI scaling for dialog boxes, and more control for dialog scaling. All of these are to improve how a developer handles DPI scaling, and especially on a system with multiple monitors with different DPIs, which has been one of the biggest sore spots even as the primary monitor DPI issues have been worked on over the last couple of years. This is an incredibly common scenario too, with a high-resolution laptop docked to a standard resolution display, for example.

Win32 clearly has a lot of baggage to deal with, but hopefully we will continue to see API improvements in Windows 10 updates to keep chipping away at these issues. However, this assumes that a developer is actually going to update their application. That may never happen.

When looking at this issue three years ago when we looked at DPI issues in Windows, one of the conclusions was that Windows has to stop expecting applications to behave correctly. There needed to be an override on the exe to force it to be scaled by Windows, since many applications were claiming to be DPI aware, when they were not at all. If the application could be set to ignore this flag, at least Windows would be able to scale it using bitmap stretching. It wouldn’t be ideal, but it could perhaps make the application useable when it would otherwise not be.

Microsoft has somewhat addressed this, with a new setting in the application compatibility called System (enhanced) DPI scaling. This new setting has some limitations, but is effective enough that Microsoft is using it for some built-in applications. Functionality is limited to GDI-based applications and it won’t correctly scale GDI+ content, DX content, or bitmap content, so it may have limited appeal. End users will have to try this on any application they are having DPI issues with to see if it helps.

But when it does help, it helps a lot. Microsoft is using this new scaling method to fix the Microsoft Management Console (mmc.exe) which means the device manager, and more, will be scaled correctly in the Creators Update. Here’s a screenshot of the differences.

Enhanced Scaling OFF

Enhanced Scaling ON

If the application is mostly text based, it could be improved quite a bit with the new mode. It’s not going to solve all applications from having issues, but it’s a nice step in the right direction.

They have also fixed desktop icons being scaled incorrectly if running in a mixed monitor environment.

Microsoft acknowledges there is still work to be done here, especially in the mixed monitor scenario. They are looking at having the Display Settings section show displays in their physical size rather than resolution, which would help a lot if you have a low-resolution monitor that’s larger than a high-resolution monitor, and it makes dragging windows between them difficult. They would also like to address the weird giant windows you get dragging windows from a high DPI display to a low DPI display. There is more coming as well, so stay tuned.

Windows Subsystem for Linux

When Microsoft announced they were adding Bash support to Windows, they picked the right place to do it. It was announced at their Build developer conference last year, and it got a lot of applause. It was arguably one of the biggest additions to the Anniversary Update, and it wasn’t just the Bash shell either. Bash runs on Ubuntu which is running as a subsystem of Windows, allowing many Linux commands to work out of the box with no virtual machine necessary.

In the time since this was released last summer, Microsoft has been hard at work adding more features here. One of the biggest changes is they have moved from Ubuntu 14.04 to Ubuntu 16.04. It must be noted that it is not automatically updated, but will have the new version for new installs. You can try to upgrade it in-place, but the recommended method is to remove the WSL and re-add it.

Bash in the Powershell console

They have also added more support for developer tools (source):

• Core tools: apt, sed, grep, awk, top, tmux, ssh, scp, etc.
• Shells: Bash, zsh, fish, etc.
• Dev tools: vim, emacs, nano, git, gdb, etc.
• Languages & platforms: Node.js & npm, Ruby & Gems, Java & Maven, Python & Pip, C/C++, C# & .NET Core & Nuget, Go, Rust, Haskell, Elixir/Erlang, etc.
• Systems & Services: sshd, Apache, lighttpd, nginx, MySQL, PostgreSQL
• And many others

INOTIFY

They have also added support for mapped network drives, mounting Windows drives, and quite a bit more. There is now support for file change notification support, network connection enumeration, and more. The amount of new features in the Linux Subsystem is fairly impressive, and Microsoft’s other departments could learn from these devs, who keep a detailed change log of everything they have added, and you can find it here:

Windows Subsystem for Linux Release Notes

What’s still missing, and other changes

Windows 10 has come a long way in a short amount of time, but there is always room for improvement. In no particular order, here are several items that it would be great to see addressed in coming updates.

OneDrive Placeholders

Windows 8.1 integrated with OneDrive with an excellent system where all of the files in OneDrive could be seen in the file system, but they had a different icon if they were downloaded to the system or not. With small SSDs on many new systems, and up to 1 TB of OneDrive space available for relatively little money, this was a great way to be able to store files into any folder in OneDrive, and quickly access files that were needed. It wasn’t perfect, but it worked well enough. When Windows 10 was announced, this was dropped due to confusion by end-users who would try to access a file they thought they had on their system, but they had no network connection, and they couldn’t download the file.

What it used to look like in Windows 8.1

Luckily at Microsoft’s Ignite conference, they made mention that OneDrive placeholders would be available in Redstone 3 (Anniversary Update was Redstone 1, Creators Update is Redstone 2, and the next update will be Redstone 3). This can’t come soon enough. Other cloud providers now offer this support with their applications, but Windows no longer supports it for Microsoft’s own cloud storage, even though they had it at one point.

Wide Gamut Color Management

Windows has never had system-wide color management. Like DPI, it has been left to the developers to implement color management. DPI was assumed to be 96 DPI, and the color gamut for Windows is assumed to be sRGB. In the professional space, applications have their own color management system, so if you are running Adobe Photoshop, it can handle wider gamut displays when working with images, but the majority of applications just ignore color gamut altogether, which can lead to blown out images on wider than sRGB gamut displays.

To be fair, this hasn’t been a huge issue for the average person. Most displays struggled to even cover the entire sRGB gamut. This has been changing though, with displays offering Adobe RGB gamut coverage, and DCI D65 coverage, and these devices tend to be expensive.

The issue is that without wide-gamut support in Windows, these high-end displays end up causing colors that are completely incorrect to be displayed. A great example of this is the Photos app, which is the latest and greatest UWP photo viewer. Unlike Windows Photo Viewer that came before it, there is no color management in the Photos app, so viewing photos on a wide-gamut display blows out the colors.

Incorrect color on the Left (Photos) vs correct color on the Right (Adobe Photoshop Elements)

The image on the left is Photos, and the image on the right is Adobe Photoshop Elements. Adobe is correctly showing the color of this car, but Photos is not. macOS, and even iOS, have full color management built-in, so Microsoft has some work to do here. Even Google is stepping up here, with at least a mention of color in Android, although at the moment Android is also missing this.

Cloud Backup

Microsoft seemed to make it clear they weren’t interested in OneDrive being used as a backup location when they cut the unlimited storage offering, but it would still be great to have Windows 10 offer to use OneDrive for File History, or more, especially if you subscribe to Office 365.

Start Menu Sync

Windows 8 and 8.1 both allowed the Start Screen layout to be synced across devices. It was very useful if you use several computers, since you would never have to go hunting around on the Start Screen to find the right app. This was removed with Windows 10, and it is sorely missed.

People Bar

Microsoft showed off a new sharing hub called the People Bar when they first announced the Creators Update in October, however this feature never made it in.

Other small changes

The Creators Update also brings about some other interesting features, even if they aren’t that exciting to discuss.

Night Light

Cutting blue light output is the new thing to do, and Microsoft has not been immune to this request. With the Creators Update, there is now a Night Light feature built in to automatically reduce the blue light output at night. It can be configured to come on automatically at dusk until dawn, or based on time, and the intensity can be adjusted as well.

Dynamic Lock

You can now set Windows to automatically lock the computer when a Bluetooth devices gets out of range, so if you had your phone set up for this, when you took it away from your desk, the system can lock. Amusingly this is under Sign-In options, even though it’s not used to sign in, but if you pair a phone, you can set Windows to use Dynamic Lock. At the moment, it’s not configurable at all though, so this is going to be a very hit or miss feature. It certainly is not something you could trust in a corporate setting without any ability to configure it.

Restart Options

Windows Update in Windows 10 has been a pain point with many people. In the last update, they added the ability to add "Active Hours" to your computer so you can tell it explicitly when you will be working, so it won't restart then, but that was limited to only 12 hours. With this update, that's been pushed out to 18 hours. Also, there are more options for notifications before restarts. The Windows 10 restart process is too agressive, and no one likes to lose work. We'll see how these updates change things, but it's likely more improvements will be needed.

Paint 3D

As part of the Creators Update branding, Microsoft spent quite a bit of time going over Paint 3D when they announced this update in October. It was interesting, and it’s here. Luckily they didn’t replace the original Paint program, which they had tried during the Preview Program.

Wrapping up and how to get it

This certainly is not a completely comprehensive look at the latest update, and there are many more features under the hood. Regardless, this is a much lighter update than the previous one, which included things like Windows Ink, Windows Subsystem for Linux, and Edge extensions. Still, it’s a solid update, with a lot of nice additions without forcing a re-think of everything. After several updates to Windows 10, it certainly feels like the old Windows servicing method of having a major release every couple of years is an out-dated model.

It would be hard to point a finger at the Creators Update and nail down a single feature that is the key one. Instead, it’s more a collection of smaller updates. There are still plenty of things to be worked on, and hopefully we will see some news out of the Redmond company soon, detailing their direction for their next update.

Really, the biggest thing they need to work on is improving UWP. With the loss of their mobile play, they need to re-focus their efforts on making this work better for the desktop, where the majority of Windows 10 installs are. Xbox is always going to be small by comparison, and even something which has a lot of potential like IoT is going to struggle to compete against the userbase of the PC right now. UWP needs to be improved for these scenarios, and developers need to be sold on why they should switch. This will bring benefits down the road for everyone, but at the moment it’s an untapped market.

Microsoft is going to continue to work on High DPI, and hopefully start to fix their color management woes as well, but at this point both seem like very difficult problems to overcome. This is one of the main issues where legacy application support can be such a burden, but removing this support isn’t the answer either. They are in a tough spot, and have more work to do here. Hopefully we will here some more news on this front soon.

One of the nicest changes with this update is how to get it. Microsoft started rolling out the update over Windows Update on April 11, but it will be a staggered rollout, only targeting known good devices first. That is what they have done in the past, but the big change this time is that you can easily update any computer running the Windows 10 Anniversary Update by running the Update Assistant.

Anyone wanting to force the update to come sooner can go to the Windows 10 Download page and download and run the Upgrade Assistant. It will verify the requirements are met, and trigger the download and install.

With the Windows 10 update model, eventually it will be pushed out to all machines of course, so waiting is always an option, but the new features have been a solid upgrade to Windows 10, if taken in their entirety. Whether you are a web browser, or web developer, there should be something here for you.